ABSTRACT
Resumo Este artigo apresenta alguns resultados de uma pesquisa realizada a partir dos prontuários dos menores inseridos no Serviço Social de Assistência e Proteção aos Menores de São Paulo entre os anos 1930 e 1940. Este serviço era o responsável pela gestão tanto de crianças e adolescentes abandonados como daqueles considerados infratores. As tarefas de tutela do abandono e da infração proporcionaram a intervenção de vários profissionais, como médicos, psiquiatras, assistentes sociais e psicólogos, que acionaram um variado repertório de saberes. O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar de que forma a documentação institucional categorizava os menores a partir de uma perspectiva marcada pelo ideário jurídico, pela criminologia e pela concepção de higiene mental presentes nas primeiras décadas do século XX no Brasil. A partir da análise dessa documentação foi possível identificar os saberes (jurídicos, médicos, psiquiátricos, criminológicos) que atuavam no governo dos menores, além da fundamentação que proporcionavam para as intervenções estatais em relação aos menores e, ainda, em relação aos seus familiares ou responsáveis.
Abstract This article presents some results of a study carried out from the medical records of minors inserted in the Social Service of Assistance and Protection for Minors of São Paulo between 1930 and 1940. This Service was responsible for the management of both abandoned children and adolescents and those considered offenders. The custody tasks provided the intervention of many professionals, such as physicians, psychiatrists, social workers and psychologists, who triggered different kinds of knowledge. The main objective of the research was to investigate how the institutional documentation categorized the minors from a perspective marked by the concepts of legal ideology, criminology, and mental hygiene present in the first decades of the 20th century in Brazil. From the analysis of this documentation, it was possible to identify the knowledge (legal, medical, psychiatric, criminological), its presence and composition acting in the government of minors, besides the ground that such knowledge provided for state interventions concerning minors and also their relatives or guardians.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Social Work , Child Advocacy , Mental Health , Minors , Criminal Behavior , Child Protective Services , Mental Health ServicesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Perineal prostatectomy has been proposed as a less invasive and safe procedure, but the risk of anal incontinence has been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of perineal access on anal continence mechanisms after perineal prostatectomy. METHODS: From August 2008 to May 2009, twenty three patients underwent perineal prostatectomy. These patients were evaluated before surgery and eight months postoperatively using the Cleveland Clinic Anal Incontinence Score, the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Score, and anorectal manometry. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 65 (range, 54-72) years, and the mean prostate weight was 34.5 (range, 24-54) grams. Gleason scores ranged from 6-7, and the mean Cleveland Clinic Anal Incontinence Score (mean±;standard deviation) values were 0.9±1.9 and 0.7±1.2 (p.0.05) before and after surgery, respectively. The Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Score did not change significantly after surgery. The mean values for anal manometric parameters before and after surgery were, respectively: Resting Pressures of 64±23 mmHg and 65±17 mmHg (p = 0.763), Maximum Squeezing Pressures of 130±41 mmHg and 117±40 mmHg (p = 0.259), High Pressure Zones of 3.0±0.9 cm and 2.7±0.8 cm(p = 0.398), Rectal Sensory Thresholds of 76±25 mland71±35 ml (p = 0.539), Maximum Tolerated Rectal Volumes of 157±48 ml and 156±56ml (p = 0.836), and Sphincter Asymmetry Indexes 22.4±9 percent and 14.4±5 percent (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: There was a significant decrease in the sphincter symmetry index after perineal prostatectomy. With the exception of the sphincter asymmetry index, perineal prostatectomy did not affect anal continence parameters.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Fecal Incontinence/etiology , Perineum/surgery , Prostatectomy/methods , Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery , Manometry , Prospective Studies , Prostatectomy/adverse effects , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
A emergência da criminalidade organizada nas prisões brasileiras, em especial no Estado de São Paulo, constitui objeto deste artigo. Tomam-se como ponto de partida e referência para análise as ondas de ataques desencadeadas pelo Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), de maio a agosto de 2006, que resultaram em inúmeros mortos, paralisaram cidades e acuaram as autoridades encarregadas de aplicar lei e ordem. A emergência da criminalidade organizada é analisada sob eixos determinados: cenário internacional e contexto brasileiro, antecedentes históricos, enraizamento do crime na sociedade e papel das políticas públicas penitenciárias.
The advent of organized crime in Brazilian prisons, especially in the state of São Paulo, constitutes the object of this article. The waves of attack unleashed by the Capital's First Command (PCC - Primeiro Comando da Capital), in May 2006, which resulted in countless deaths, brought cities to a halt, and cornered authorities in charge preventing them from applying law and order are the starting as well as reference points taken. The advent of organized criminality is analyzed under the light of determined axes: the international scenario and the Brazilian context, the historical antecedents, the taking root of crime in society and the role of penitentiary public policies.